Breaking the Code

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You can name it whatever you like if the naming is allowed by Git. Unlike the other answer there is no hardcoded branch name in this alias. This is an extremely useful command in situations where you committed the wrong thing and you want to undo that last commit.

Here we are interested in the object name, the second value d7d77c1b04b5edd5acfc85de0b592449e5303770. The commits are gone, but the contents are still on disk. With nothing currently staged, this just rewrites the previous commit message. This tree is tracking Working Directory changes, that have been promoted with git add, to be stored in the next commit.

How can I tell a local branch to track a remote branch?

The git reset command is a complex and versatile tool for undoing changes. It has three primary forms of invocation. These forms correspond to command line arguments --soft, --mixed, --hard. Trees may be a misnomer, as they are not strictly traditional tree data-structures. They are, however, node and pointer-based data structures that Git uses to track a timeline of edits. The best way to demonstrate these mechanisms is to create a changeset in a repository and follow it through the three trees. This tree is in sync with the local filesystem and is representative of the immediate changes made to content in files and directories. Invoking git status shows that Git is aware of the changes to the file. Git status can be used to show changes to the Working Directory. They will be displayed in the red with a 'modified' prefix. Staging index Next up is the 'Staging Index' tree. This tree is tracking Working Directory changes, that have been promoted with git add, to be stored in the next commit. This tree is a complex internal caching mechanism. Git generally tries to hide the implementation details of the Staging Index from the user. To accurately view the state of the Staging Index we must utilize a lesser known Git command git ls-files. The git ls-files command is essentially a debug utility for inspecting the state of the Staging Index tree. Without the -s option the git ls-files output is simply a list of file names and paths that are currently part of the index. The -s option displays additional metadata for the files in the Staging Index. This metadata is the staged contents' mode bits, object name, and stage number. Here we are interested in the object name, the second value d7d77c1b04b5edd5acfc85de0b592449e5303770. It is a hash of the content of the files. It is important to note that git status is not a true representation of the Staging Index. The git status command output displays changes between the Commit History and the Staging Index. Let us examine the Staging Index content at this point. Commit history The final tree is the Commit History. The git commit command adds changes to a permanent snapshot that lives in the Commit History. This snapshot also includes the state of the Staging Index at the time of commit. The changeset has been added to the Commit History. Invoking git status at this point shows that there are no pending changes to any of the trees. Executing git log will display the Commit History. Now that we have followed this changeset through the three trees we can begin to utilize git reset. How it works At a surface level, git reset is similar in behavior to git checkout. To better demonstrate this behavior consider the following example: This example demonstrates a sequence of commits on the master branch. Now let us execute and compare, both git checkout b and git reset b. In addition to updating the commit ref pointers, git reset will modify the state of the three trees. The ref pointer modification always happens and is an update to the third tree, the Commit tree. The command line arguments --soft, --mixed, and --hard direct how to modify the Staging Index, and Working Directory trees. When passed --hard The Commit History ref pointers are updated to the specified commit. Then, the Staging Index and Working Directory are reset to match that of the specified commit. Any previously pending changes to the Staging Index and the Working Directory gets reset to match the state of the Commit Tree. This means any pending work that was hanging out in the Staging Index and Working Directory will be lost. To demonstrate this, let's continue with the three tree example repo we established earlier. First let's make some modifications to the repo. With these changes in place let us now examine the state of the repo using git status. This is expected behavior because have not used git add to promote these changes to the Staging Index. These changes exist in the Working Directory. Let us now execute a git reset --hard and examine the new state of the repository. Next, we check the state of the repo with git status. Git indicates there are no pending changes. This data loss cannot be undone, this is critical to take note of. The ref pointers are updated. The Staging Index is reset to the state of the specified commit. Any changes that have been undone from the Staging Index are moved to the Working Directory. These changes are then applied to the Staging Index with git add. With the repo in this state, we will now execute the reset. To reiterate, --mixed is the default mode and the same effect as executing git reset. This is the explicit --mixed behavior. The Staging Index has been reset and the pending changes have been moved into the Working Directory. Compare this to the --hard reset case where the Staging Index was reset and the Working Directory was reset as well, losing these updates. The Staging Index and the Working Directory are left untouched. This behavior can be hard to clearly demonstrate. Let's continue with our demo repo and prepare it for a soft reset. git reset branch to origin We confirm that the index has been updated with the git ls-files output. With the repository in this state we now execute a soft reset. Examining the repo state with git status and git ls-files shows that nothing has changed. A soft reset will only reset the Commit History. Let's create a new commit. We will be going back in time to the first commit. This can be found by viewing output from git log. Before we travel back in time lets first check the current state of the repo. With this in mind lets execute a soft reset back to our first commit. We can examine the repo state output and note some interesting observations. This helps to clearly illustrate what --soft has done. As with all git reset invocations, the first action reset takes is to reset the commit tree. During a soft reset, this is all that happens. This may then be confusing as to why git status indicates there are modified files. As a reminder, git status does not show the state of 'the three trees', it essentially shows a diff between them. In this case, it is displaying that the Staging Index is ahead of the changes in the Commit History as if we have already staged them. There is a real risk of losing work with git reset. Git reset will never delete a commit, however, commits can become 'orphaned' which means there is no direct path from a ref to access them. These orphaned commits can usually be found and restored using. Git will permanently delete any orphaned commits after it runs the internal garbage collector. By default, Git is configured to run the garbage collector every 30 days. Commit History is one of the 'three git trees' the other two, Staging Index and Working Directory are not as permanent as Commits. Whereas reverting is designed to safely undo a public commit, git reset is designed to undo local changes to the Staging Index and Git reset branch to origin Directory. Because of their distinct goals, the two commands are implemented differently: resetting completely removes a changeset, whereas reverting maintains the original changeset and uses a new commit to apply the undo. Don't Reset Public History You should never use git reset branch to origin reset when any snapshots after have been pushed to a public repository. After publishing a commit, you have to assume that other developers are reliant upon it. Removing a commit that other team members have continued developing poses serious problems for collaboration. When they try to sync up with your repository, it will look like a chunk of the project history abruptly disappeared. The sequence below demonstrates what happens when you try to reset a public commit. If you need to fix a public commit, the git revert command was designed specifically for this purpose. Examples git reset Remove the specified file from the staging area, but leave the working directory unchanged. This unstages a file without overwriting any changes. This unstages all files without overwriting any changes, giving you the opportunity to re-build the staged snapshot from scratch. In addition to unstaging changes, the --hard flag tells Git git reset branch to origin overwrite all changes in the working directory, too. Put another way: this obliterates all uncommitted changes, so make sure you really want to throw away your local developments before using it. All changes made since will reside in the working directory, which lets you re-commit the project history using cleaner, more atomic snapshots. This obliterates not only the uncommitted changes, but all commits after, as well. Unstaging a file The git reset command is frequently encountered while preparing the staged snapshot. The next example assumes you have two files called hello. Realize that the changes in hello. Removing Local Commits The next example shows a more advanced use case. Remember that this kind of reset should only be used on unpublished commits. Summary To review, git reset is a powerful command that is used to undo local changes to the state of a Git repo. There are three command line options that correspond to the three trees. The options --soft, --mixed, and --hard can be passed to git reset. git reset branch to origin In this article we leveraged several other Git commands to help demonstrate the reset processes. Learn more about those commands on their individual pages at:,and.

Is there an easy way to do this? See the answer by Fryer using --separate-git-dir. The soft reset is safe though, as well as the last solutions in. This snapshot also includes the state of the Staging Index at the time of commit. Alternative 2: Delete the Current Tree and Replace with the New One This solution comes from svick's solution to : git rm -r. This behavior can be hard to clearly demonstrate. It means you have already pushed in the commits you wanna revert. Commit the change and continue the rebase git will tell you how to keep the commit message and author if you want. Case 1: Delete the last commit Deleting the last commit is the easiest case. Example: committed and pushed several commits to the wrong branch branch A. With these changes in place let us now examine the state of the repo using git status.